Nutrition for Maximum Performance
By Eleanor Blazer
Lesson Four
GRAINS AND CONCENTRATES
The equine digestive system is designed to utilize nutrients provided
by forage. But, there are situations
when the forage cannot or will not provide adequate nutrition. The forage may be of poor quality or the
horse may require more nutrients than the forage can provide.
The solution may be to add cereal grains
or manufactured concentrates to the diet.
These feeds will offer a denser and (in some cases) more digestible
source of nutrition. Caution must be
observed when offering these feeds as overloading the sensitive equine
digestive system with excess starches and carbohydrates can cause colic or
laminitis.
CEREAL GRAINS
Cereal grains are seeds harvested from a
family of annual grasses called Gramineae. These types of plants produce large seed
heads that contain embryos, which are high in starch. The embryo uses the starch as an energy source
until it germinates or sprouts. This
starch can also be an energy source for horses.
Energy is very difficult to measure, but
heat can be measured. Digestion breaks
down nutrients and the energy released creates heat. The amount of heat needed to raise the
temperature of one kilogram of water 1 degree centigrade is a large calorie
(kilocalorie, kcal). This process can be
duplicated in the laboratory using a bomb calorimeter. The feed sample is placed in the container,
submerged in water, and burned. The
temperature of the water after burning is compared to the temperature prior to
burning. The reading is the number of
calories in that sample.
A calorie (spelled with a small
"c") represents the amount of energy it takes to raise one gram of
water one degree Celsius (1.8 degrees Fahrenheit).
A Calorie (spelled with a capital
'C") represents the amount of energy it takes to raise one kilogram (1,000
grams) of water one degree Celsius. The
Calorie is also called a kilocalorie. This is the rate of measurement used in
human nutrition. Many times it is not
spelled correctly - with a capital 'C".
A megacalorie (Mcal) is 1,000 kilocalories. Megacalorie is the
rate of measurement used to measure energy in a large animal's diet, such as
the horse.
Energy requirements for horses vary. Growing foals, lactating mares, performance
horses…each classification or lifestyle requires a different amount of
energy. For example: An adult 1,100 pound horse at maintenance
activity level would require approximately 16 Mcals
of digestible energy per day. The same
horse doing heavy work would require 32.8 Mcals of
digestible energy per day.
The quality of the cereal grain is
important to the health of the horse. If
the seeds are broken, either from processing or poor handling, they are more
prone to mold. Broken seeds also oxidize
and nutrients deteriorate. Processed or
damaged cereal grains should not be fed if they have not been stored or handled
properly.
Insects, birds, and rodents can compromise
the quality of grain. They feed on the
seeds and contaminate it with their waste.
Processing cereal grains can make the
nutrients more available to the horse.
Methods of processing are grinding, dry rolling, steam rolling or
crimping, and steam flaking.
Grinding the grain breaks the whole
kernels into smaller pieces. The
particle size can be powder or very coarse.
Very fine particles can cause digestive upsets and dust.
Dry rolling presses the grain between
heavy grooved rollers. These rollers
flatten the grain. The particle size can
vary depending on the closeness of the rollers and the depth of the grooves.
Steam rolling or crimping exposes the grain to
steam for 1 to 8 minutes before the rolling process is started. This process makes a better-looking product,
but does not improve the digestibility over grinding or dry rolling. It may improve the palatability of some
grains.
Steam flaking exposes the grain to steam
for 15 to 30 minutes and then the rolling process is done using very heavy
rollers set at zero tolerance. The
result is a very flat and bulky product.
The steam causes the starch molecules to rupture and be more digestible,
an action called gelatinization. Shelf
life of these products is very short.
Good quality cereal grains, fed properly,
can provide an excellent source of energy for the horse. The most popular grains fed to horses are
barley, corn, oats, and wheat.
Barley is grown in cool, dry
areas. The seed is enclosed within a
hull and is very hard. In addition to
feeding livestock barley is used for producing alcohol. After the grain is harvested the stalk can be
baled and used for straw.
Barley contains about 65% starch. It is easier to digest than the starch in
corn and wheat, but not as safe as oats.
The starch in oats is easier to digest in the small intestine.
Crude protein of barley is approximately
12-13.5% and crude fiber about 5%. The
digestible energy level is around 1.50 Mcal per pound.
WHOLE BARLEY
STEAMED ROLLED BARLEY
Barley needs to be steam crimped or rolled because the seed is hard. The processing does not change the nutritional value of the grain, but it does make it more available to the horse.
Corn production is greater than
any other grain crop in the United States.
Over 9 billion bushels of corn is harvested every year. Over 55% of that is used in animal feed. The rest is used in ethanol production, as
human food products, for starch that thickens food or is needed in
manufacturing, seed, and exported.
WHOLE SHELLED CORN
The seed has a hard shell
covering instead of a hull. The lack of
a hull causes corn to have a low fiber value.
Corn contains about 70% starch. The starch in corn is difficult to
digest. Corn must be cracked, crimped,
or processed to aid digestion in the small intestine. If excessive amounts reach the large
intestine colic and laminitis can occur.
Crude protein of corn is about 8% and the
fiber level is approximately 2%. The
digestible energy level is around 1.75 Mcal per pound.
Corn is available whole, cracked, steam rolled, and crimped. The processing does not change the nutritional value of the grain, but it does increase the chance for it to be digested in the small intestine.
Corn is also known as “maize”.
Oats prefer cool growing conditions. For this reason most
of the oats are grown in the northern mid-west section of the United States and
Canada. Oat production has decreased
due to dollar per acre yield being higher with other grains.
The seed has a soft kernel and a
hull. The hull increases the fiber
level. Once the oats are harvested the
stalk can be baled for straw.
WHOLE OATS
STEAM
ROLLED OATS
Oats contain
about 53% starch. The starch in oats is
different from the starch in other grains.
The molecular structure of the starch in oats increases the chance of it
being digested in the small intestine.
This characteristic and the higher fiber content make oats the safest
grain for horses.
Crude protein of oats is between 10 – 12%
and the fiber level is about 12%. The
digestible energy level is approximately 1.50 Mcals
per pound.
The quality of the oats being fed to
horses is very important. The weight of
the oats per bushel is an indicator of the oat quality. The recognized rate of measurement is 32
pounds per bushel. Heavy oats can weigh
about 36 pounds per bushel. The heavier the oats, the better the quality – less chaff, weeds,
and foreign materials. The oats
should be plump and full. Avoid oats
that are light, fluffy, and contain dust.
Oats are available whole, crimped, steam
rolled, and de-hulled. Processing oats
does not increase nutrients present in the grain. Oats are fairly soft and easy to digest. Horses with poor teeth may benefit somewhat
when fed processed oats. But, the cost
of processing may not offset the 3-5% amount of grain that may be
utilized. Caution must be observed when
feeding de-hulled oats, as the fiber is not present.
Naked oats or hull-less oats are becoming
more popular. Naked oats have a loose
hull that sheds during harvesting. Their
average weight is 50 pounds to a bushel.
Naked oats contain higher levels of amino acids and fat than regular
oats. The average protein level is
16-19% and the fiber level about 2%. The
digestible energy level is about 1.70 Mcals per
pound.
Wheat is grown primarily in the central plains and north
central United States. Most of the wheat
produced is used for human consumption
The wheat kernel is small and hard. After harvesting the stalks can be baled for
straw. Starch content is approximately
70-80%.
WHOLE WHEAT
The crude protein is about 17% and the
fiber level 2.5-3%. The digestible
energy is around 1.45 Mcals per pound.
Wheat is not normally fed as the only
grain to horses. If used it is generally
added to a grain mix. Because the kernel
is hard it must be cracked or steam flaked to aid utilization by the horse’s
digestive system. Grinding it too fine
should be avoided as it becomes doughy.
Horses do not find wheat as palatable as
other grains, but once adapted to it will do well. Care must be taken not to overfeed
wheat as it has a high energy density.
It is not recommended to go over 1/3 of the ration in wheat.
APPROXIMATE
NUTRIENTS OF POPULAR CEREAL GRAINS
|
GRAIN |
DRY MATTER |
DE Mcal/lb. |
CRUDE PROTEIN |
FIBER |
FAT |
CALCIUM |
PHOSPHORUS |
|
Barley |
89 |
1.5 |
12.5 |
5 |
2 |
0.05 |
0.35 |
|
Corn |
88 |
1.75 |
8 |
2 |
4 |
0.02 |
0.35 |
|
Oats |
89 |
1.5 |
11 |
12 |
5 |
0.07 |
0.35 |
|
Naked Oats |
88 |
1.7 |
17 |
2 |
10 |
0.07 |
0.5 |
|
Wheat |
88 |
1.45 |
17 |
2.8 |
2 |
0.04 |
0.4 |
Cereal grains
and most forage do not meet the protein requirements of growing or lactating
horses. Manufacturers add protein
supplements to the formula in order to meet these needs.
Cereal
grains contain less calcium than phosphorus. This can present a problem to horses, which
require a calcium/phosphorus ratio of 1 –1.5 to 1. The protein quality of cereal grains is
poor. Cereal grains are also deficient
in vitamins and minerals.
Manufactured concentrates can help provide
a more balanced diet.
CONCENTRATES
The purpose of concentrates is to balance
the diet and meet the nutritional requirements for the activity level of the
individual horse. Manufactured
concentrates, feed mixes, or “grain” are available in many forms and qualities.
Sweet feed or textured feed is a combination of cereal grains,
molasses, vitamins, and minerals.
SWEET FEED
Molasses has many benefits when added to a
horse grain mix. It improves
palatability and controls dust. Molasses
is a good source of available carbohydrates.
When adding medications or supplements it can help prevent sorting and
mask the taste.
Most feed manufacturers now use a blend of
molasses and fat. This blend increases
the fat level in the ration and also helps prevent “bricking” or freezing of
the grain in the winter.
The rate of molasses used in horse feeds
is usually 10% or less. Cane molasses
has about the same digestible energy level as oats. But, if the liquid product contains added fat
this will increase the energy level.
Horses receiving more energy than they require can become very energetic
when eating a mix with the blended molasses and fat product.
The sugar in molasses does not promote
cavities like it does in humans. But, some
tooth decay can occur if a cap (baby tooth) is not shed and food builds up
between it and the permanent tooth.
Vitamins and minerals are added to the mix
to balance the ration. Cereal grains are
low in vitamins and minerals.
Sweet feeds must be handled and stored
properly. They can be quick to mold,
especially in hot humid environments.
Many manufacturers add mold inhibitors to their formulas, but management
is still the key. Purchase feed from a
reputable company, rotate (feed the old first), and do not feed sweet feed over
3 months of age.
Pelleted horse feeds contain the same basic ingredients as
textured feeds. The ingredients are
finely ground, steamed, and forced though a pellet die. It is then run over a screen to eliminate any
fines.
PELLETED FEED
Pelleted horse feeds have many advantages
over sweet feeds.
The pellets eliminate the sorting that
some horses do when eating textured feeds.
Each pellet contains the nutrition of that particular formula.
The steaming process helps break down the
starch in the cereal grains. This
increases the digestibility of the feed.
Many times hard-keepers will gain weight when switched to a pelleted
feed…even if the nutritional value of the feed is the same.
There is a concern about horses choking
while eating pellets. Horses who bolt their feed should have several large rocks placed
in the feeder or the pellets can be moistened.
The quality of the pellets is not as
apparent to the eye as textured feed – you can see the grain in the sweet
feed. Because of this it is important to
purchase feed from a reputable manufacturer.
Large stables using bulk feed stored in
bins will prefer pellets to sweet feed.
The pellets flow easy, there is no separation of the grain, and the
storage life is longer. There may be
some breakage of the pellet, as the moving of the pellets from the plant, to
the truck, to the bin, and to the feed cart will break up the pellets.
Extruded horse feed take the pelleting process one step
further. The grain is cooked under
pressure with moist heat. Then it is
exposed to cool air so it pops and puffs up.
EXTRUDED FEED
The extrusion process expands the starch
molecules. When the grain reaches the
small intestine the digestive enzymes are more efficient at breaking them
down. Extruding grain can increase the
digestibility by 20-70%.
Extruded formulas can be a benefit to
horses with compromised digestive systems, performance horses, senior horses,
and growing horses. The improved
digestibility will allow fewer quantities to be fed and more of the available
nutrients to be absorbed.
Complete feeds or “all-in-one” products are designed to provide a
balanced diet and fiber in one package.
Beet pulp or alfalfa is usually the fiber source. Feed designed for
senior horses are generally complete feed formulas.
The horse’s digestive system was designed
to utilize forage. When feeding complete
formulas it is recommended to feed at least ˝ pound per 100 pounds of body
weight per day in long stem fiber (hay).
The fiber is needed to keep the large intestine working properly. It will also satisfy the horse’s need to
chew.
There are many horse feed products on the
market. Each state is responsible for
insuring feed manufacturers comply with the commercial feed law developed by
the Association of American Feed Control Officials. The feed manufacturer must follow these
guidelines and have the proper permits required for the manufacturing of
feed.
Most state feed laws require the following
information be stated on the product.
1.
Net
weight
2.
Product
name
3.
Name
and address of the manufacturer
4.
Guaranteed
analysis of the feed
5.
Common
names for each ingredient used
6.
Feeding
directions
7. Any precautionary statements that is necessary for
the safe feeding of the product.
There are two types of feed formulas used:
“least cost” and “fixed formula”. Some
states require a complete ingredient list regardless of the formula used.
“Least cost” allows the ration to use a
lower priced ingredient to replace a higher priced ingredient in order to keep
the cost down. The nutrient values
stated on the feed tag are met, but the ingredients change. This allows the company to use the least
expensive ingredients according to fluctuations in the market.
Least cost formulation also allows a large
feed manufacturer who has mills located in different geographical regions to
use the same feed tag. This allows them
to use grains available in the area without having to print numerous tags. No matter where the feed is purchased the tag
will read the same, but will still be nutritionally sound for the region.
“Fixed formula” is a formula that remains
constant. Every batch contains the same
amount and the same ingredients.
Fluctuation of nutrient levels may occur.
To determine if the feed is least cost or
fixed formula it is best to contact the manufacturer. If the ingredients are listed as grain
products, plant protein products, or grain by-products it is probably a least
cost formula.
A feed tag displays the information
required by the commercial feed law. The
tag is usually sewed on one end of the bag or printed directly on the bag. A label must be provided to purchasers of
bulk feed containing all the required information.
The guaranteed analysis states the content
of specific nutrients. The required nutrients
that must be stated on the label for horses are:
1. Minimum percentage of crude protein
2. Minimum percentage of crude fat
3. Maximum percentage of crude fiber
4. Minimum and maximum percentage of calcium
5. Minimum percentage of phosphorus
6. Minimum copper in parts per million (ppm)
7. Minimum zinc in parts per million (ppm)
8. Minimum Vitamin A (not naturally
occurring in the feed) in international units per pound (I.U.)
Other ingredients may be listed on the tag
at the company’s discretion. But these 8
are generally required.
Samples of 4 feed
tags follow.
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MY
12% HORSE FEED |
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TEXTURED CONCENTRATE FOR MAINTENANCE HORSES |
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GUARANTEED ANALYSIS |
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Crude Protein, not
less than |
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12.00% |
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Crude Fat, not less
than |
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3.70% |
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Crude Fiber, not
more than |
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6.00% |
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Calcium (Ca), not
less than |
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0.60% |
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Calcium (Ca), not
more than |
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1.10% |
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Phosphorus (P), not
less than |
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0.65% |
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Salt (NaCl), not less than |
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0.60% |
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Salt (NaCl), not more than |
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1.10% |
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Copper (Cu), ppm,
not less than |
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45 |
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Selenium (Se), ppm,
not less than |
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0.60 |
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Zinc (Zn) ppm, not
less than |
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100 |
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Vitamin A, I.U./lb.
not less than
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3500 |
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INGREDIENTS |
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Grain products,
plant protein products, processed by-products, molasses |
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products, monocalcium/dicalcium phosphate,
salt, calcium carbonate, copper |
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sulfate, cobalt
carbonate, ferrous sulfate, manganese sulfate, manganous |
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oxide, zinc
sulfate, zinc oxide, basic copper chloride, potassium iodide, sodium |
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selenite, Vitamin A
supplement, Vitamin D-3 supplement, Vitamine E
supplement, |
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menadione
sodium bisulfite complex, riboflavin, niacin, calcium pantothenate, |
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Vitamin B-12
supplement, molasses products, natural and artificial flavors, |
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propionic acid,
natural terpinenes, acetic acid, sorbic acid, benzoic acid, mono- |
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and diesters of 1,2 propanediol,
sodium phosphate, amorphous silica, propyl |
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benzoate, proplyparaben, methylparaben,
propyl acetate, butylated hydroxyanisole |
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FEEDING DIRECTIONS |
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This product is
designed to be fed to active horses as the concentrate portion of |
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the
diet. Offer at the rate of 0.5 to 1.5%
of the body weight per day to horses. |
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Feed along with
good quality forage, free choice salt, and fresh water. |
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123456 |
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Manufactured For: |
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My Feed Store |
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Any Town, State |
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Net
Weight 50 lbs. (22.68 kg.) |
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06121 |
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MY
12% PREMIUM HORSE FEED |
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TEXTURED CONCENTRATE FOR ADULT HORSES |
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GUARANTEED ANALYSIS |
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Crude Protein, not
less than |
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12.00% |
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Crude Fat, not less
than |
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4.50% |
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Crude Fiber, not
more than |
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6.00% |
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Calcium (Ca), not
less than
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0.60% |
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Calcium (ca), not
more than
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1.10% |
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Phosphorus (P), not
less than |
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0.65% |
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Salt (NaCl), not less than |
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0.60% |
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Salt (NaCl), not more than |
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1.10% |
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Copper (Cu), ppm,
not less than |
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55.00 |
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Selenium Se), ppm, not
less than |
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0.60 |
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Zinc (Zu), ppm, not less than |
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220 |
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Vitmain
A, I.U./lb., not less than |
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5000 |
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INGREDIENTS |
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Steam crimped oats,
heat processed flaked barley, dehydrated alfalfa meal, heat |
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processed soybeans,
wheat middlings, dehulled
soybean meal, yeast culture, |
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molasses, vegetable
oil, l-lysine, DL-methionine, calcium carbonate, calcium |
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phosphate, salt,
potassium chloride, potassium sulfate, magnesium sulfate, |
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magnesium oxide, manganous oxide, ferrous oxide, zinc oxide, copper
sulfate, |
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polysaccharide
complexes of iron, copper, zinc, and manganese, cobalt, sodium |
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selenite, Vitamin A
supplement, Vitamin D-3 supplement, Vitamine E
supplement, |
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thiamine
mononitrate, riboflavin, niacin, biotin, d-calcium, pantothenate,
Vitamin |
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B-12 supplement,
folic acid, ascorbic acid |
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FEEDING DIRECTIONS |
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This product is
designed to be fed to adult horses as the concentrate portion of |
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the
diet. Offer at the rate of 0.5 to 1.5%
of the body weight per day to horses. |
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Feed along with
good quality forage, free choice salt, and fresh water. |
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78910 |
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Manufactured
For: |
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My
Feed Store |
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Any
Town, State |
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Net
Weight 50 lbs. (22.68 kg.) |
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06186 |
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******************************************************************************
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MY
12% COMPLETE HORSE FEED |
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PELLETED COMPLETE
FEED FOR HORSES |
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GUARANTEED ANALYSIS |
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Crude Protein, not
less than |
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12.00% |
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Crude Fat, not less
than |
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3.50% |
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Crude Fiber, not
more than |
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20.00% |
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Calcium (Ca), not
less than |
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0.60% |
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Calcium (Ca), not
more than |
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1.10% |
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Phosphorus (P), not
less than |
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0.50% |
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Salt (NaCl), not less than |
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0.50% |
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Salt (NaCl), not more than |
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1.10% |
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Copper (Cu), ppm,
not less than |
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45 |
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Selenium (Se), ppm,
not less than |
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0.60 |
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Zinc (Zn), ppm, not
less than |
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100 |
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Vitamin A,
I.U./lb., not less than |
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3500 |
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INGREDIENTS |
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Dehydrated alfalfa meal,
oat mill feed, wheat middlings, soybean hulls, ground |
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corn, heat
processed wheat, molasses products, yeast culture, calcium |
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carbonate, calcium
phosphate, salt, potassium sulfate, magnesium sulfate, |
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Vitamin A
supplement, Vitamin D supplement, Vitamin E supplement, thiamine |
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mononitrate,
niacin, riboflavin supplement, biotin, choline chloride, d-calcium |
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pantothenate,
folic acid, Vitamin B-12 supplement, ferrous sulfate, zinc oxide, |
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polysaccharide
complexes of iron, copper, zinc, and manganese, manganese |
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sulfate, copper
sulfate, cobalt sulfate, ethylenediamine dihydriodide, sodium |
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selenite |
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FEEDING DIRECTIONS |
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This product is
designed to be fed to horses not having access to forage or pasture. |
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Offer at the rate
of 1.5 to 2% of the body weight per day. Divide the daily amount fed |
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into
4 feedings. It is recommended to offer
˝ pound per 100 pounds of body weight per day of long-stem fiber to maintain
normal digestive function. |
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Provide free choice
salt and fresh water. |
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111213 |
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Manufactured
For: |
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My
Feed Store |
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Any
Town, State |
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Net
Weight 50 lbs. (22.68kg.) |
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06220 |
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************************************************************************
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MY
14% PERFORMANCE HORSE FEED |
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TEXTURED CONCENTRATE FOR
ACTIVE HORSES |
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GUARANTEED ANALYSIS |
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Crude Protein, not
less than |
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14.00% |
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Crude Fat, not less
than |
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5.00% |
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Crude Fiber, not
more than |
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6.00% |
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Calcium (Ca), not
less than |
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0.60% |
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Calcium (Ca), not
more than |
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1.10% |
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Phosphorus (P), not
less than |
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0.65% |
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Salt (NaCl), not less than |
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0.60% |
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Salt (NaCl), not more than |
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1.10% |
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Copper (Cu), ppm,
not less than |
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55 |
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Selenium (Se), ppm,
not less than |
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0.60 |
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Zinc (Zn), ppm, not
less than |
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220 |
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Vitamin A,
I.U./lb., not less than |
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6500 |
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INGREDIENTS |
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Steam crimped oats,
heat processed flaked barley, steam rolled corn, dehulled |
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soybean meal, heat
processed soybeans, wheat middlings, yeast culture, cane |
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molasses, vegetable
oil, l-lysine, DL-methionine, calcium carbonate, calcium |
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phosphate, salt,
potassium chloride, potassium sulfate, magnesium sulfate, |
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magnesium oxide, manganous oxide, ferrous oxide, zinc oxide, copper
sulfate, |
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polysaccharide
complexes of iron, copper, zinc, and manganese, cobalt, sodium |
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selenite, Vitamin A
supplement, Vitamin D-3 supplement, Vitamine E
supplement, |
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thiamine
mononitrate, riboflavin, niacin, biotin, d-calcium, pantothenate,
Vitamin |
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B-12 supplement,
folic acid, ascorbic acid |
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FEEDING DIRECTIONS |
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This product is
designed to be fed to active horses as the concentrate portion of |
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the
diet. Offer at the rate of 0.3 to 1.0%
of the body weight per day to horses. |
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Feed along with good
quality forage, free choice salt, and fresh water. |
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141516 |
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Manufactured For: |
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My
Feed Store |
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Any
Town, State |
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Net
Weight 50 lbs. (22.68 kg.) |
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06190 |
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*****************************************************************************
HOW TO READ A
FEED TAG
The safest and most widely used protein
source is soybean meal. It is a high
quality protein, which horses can utilize.
Soybean meal contains the amino acids lysine and methionine. The protein level of soybean meal is 44-48%.
Cottonseed meal, linseed meal (ground
flax), canola, and sunflower meal are other sources of plant based protein
products. However, none have adequate
amounts of lysine for horses.
Animal protein products such as fish meal,
bone meal, and dried whole milk may be added to some formulas. But, it is not recommended they be used in
horse feeds. They are not palatable to
the horse. Also, bacteria and spoilage
can be a problem.
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FEED EXAMPLE |
Protein |
Fat |
Fiber |
Min. Ca |
Min. P |
Min NaCl |
Cu |
Se |
Zn |
Vit. A |
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12%
Horse |
12% |
3.70% |
6.00% |
0.60% |
0.65% |
0.60% |
45 ppm |
0.6 ppm |
100 ppm |
3500
I.U. per lb. |
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12%
Premium |
12% |
4.50% |
6.00% |
0.60% |
0.65% |
0.60% |
55 ppm |
0.6 ppm |
220 ppm |
5000 I.U.per lb. |
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12%
Complete |
12% |
3.50% |
20.00% |
0.60% |
0.50% |
0.50% |
45 ppm |
0.6 ppm |
100 ppm |
3500
I.U. per lb. |
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14%
Performance |
14% |
5.00% |
6.00% |
0.60% |
0.65% |
0.60% |
55 ppm |
0.6 ppm |
220 ppm |
6500
I.U. per lb. |
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FEED EXAMPLE |
Amount Fed To 1,000 lb. Horse |
First Four Ingredients |
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12%
Horse |
5 pounds
- 15 pounds per day |
Grain products,
Plant protein products, Processed by-products |
|
12%
Premium |
5 pounds
- 15 pounds per day |
Steam
crimped oats, Heat processed flaked barley, |
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Dehydrated
alfalfa meal, Heat processed soybeans |
|
12%
Complete |
15 pounds
- 20 pounds per day |
Dehydrated
alfalfa meal, Oat mill feed, |
|
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Wheat
middlings, Soybean hulls |
|
14%
Performance |
3 pounds
- 10 pounds per day |
Steam
crimped oats, Heat processed flaked barley, |
|
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Steam
rolled corn, Dehulled soybean meal |
Assignment:
Send report to
elblazer@horsecoursesonline.com
1. What is cecal
acidosis? You will have to do some
research in order to answer this question. Please include the name of the
publication or web site where you found the information.
2. How is cecal
acidosis avoided?
3. When might a horse require grain, concentrate
or a supplement be added to the diet?
4. Explain the difference between pelleted and
extruded feeds.
5. If a horse does not have access to some
forage while eating a complete feed what problems may occur?
6. What types of grain or commercial mixes are
you feeding to your horse? How much, in
pounds or grams (not in scoops), are you feeding? How often? Please tell me the name of the feed you are
using…don’t say “12% sweet feed”.
7. After determining how much concentrate you
are feeding to your horse each day, read the feeding directions on the
product. Is the product designed for the
age of your horse? Is the feed designed for the activity level of your horse?
Are you feeding the accurate amount?
Please send me a detailed report about your findings.